Ucs ucr cs and cr

For each microcase, first determine the type of learning taking place. Then, if the learning is classical conditioning, determine the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR. If the learning is operant conditioning,determine the stimulus, desired response, and reinforcement. If the learning is cognitive, determine whether it is iconic rote, vicarious or reasoning.

What is the UCS, UCR, CS, CR? and more. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Stimulus generalization, Stimulus discrimination, You often feed your dog with canned food and you use and electric can opener to open it. The dog always comes running when you place the food in his bowl.Feb 24, 2020 · (UCS: mom calling “come and get it, dinner’s ready”; UCR: running down the stairs; CS: ice hitting the glasses; CR: running down the stairs) 4.Gary is the client relations officer at his firm. The phone in his office has “caller id” so that the client can be identified before he answers the phone. What are the UCS, CS, UCR, and CR here? So far, all of the examples have involved food, but classical conditioning extends beyond the basic need to be fed. Consider our earlier example of a dog whose owners install an invisible electric dog fence. A small electrical shock (unconditioned stimulus) elicits discomfort (unconditioned response).Think of something that you could classically condition. Tell a case scenario. List the steps of the conditioning. List the NS, UCS, UCR, CS, and the CR. Classical conditioning is a kind of learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce a response that was originally produced by a different stimulus. Relating to Pavlov’s experiment with dogs, I …Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A group of ranchers attempts to discourage coyotes from attacking their sheep by placing a substance on the wool of the sheep that makes coyotes violently ill if they eat it. Very quickly, the coyotes avoid the sheep entirely. In this scenario, what are the UCS, CS, and CR, respectively?, …Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Æ Conditioned Response (CR) 3. It is springtime and the pollen from the flowers causes you to sneeze. Soon you are sneezing every time you see a flower. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Æ Unconditioned Response (UCR) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Æ Conditioned Response (CR) 4.Identify the UCS, UCR, CR, & CS for the following: 1. You get stung by a bee and now you sweat when you hear a buzzing noise. 2. You turn left at an intersection and get hit by another car and are now feel your heart race anytime you turn left. 3. You loved the smell of your grandmother's cookies when you were little. Now your tummyJan 12, 2020 · UCS: Each presentation of the CS is followed closely by presentation of the UCS (unconditioned stimulus)for example, the puff of air. UCR: Presentation of the UCS causes a UCR (an eye blink). CR: After a sufficient number of presentations of the CS followed by the UCS, the experimenter presents the CS without the UCS.

ANSWER KEY Identify the US, UR, CS, and CR light a fire in the family room fireplace. A burning ember jumped out of the fireplace and landed on Alexander’s leg, creating a nasty burn. He cried because the burn hurt. A week later, when Alexander’s parents started to light another fire in the fireplace, Alexander began to cry. ‐ UCS – The nasty burnFor each microcase, first determine the type of learning taking place. Then, if the learning is classical conditioning, determine the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR. If the learning is operant conditioning,determine the stimulus, desired response, and reinforcement. If the learning is cognitive, determine whether it is iconic rote, vicarious or reasoning.A. Explain this situation in terms of classical conditioning, identifying the UCS, UCR, CS and CR. In these situation, the UCS could be the moment Edward’s coach yelled at him and the UCR is he shake whenever he drives to soccer practice. And I guess the CS is when he knew that the coach is approaching and the CR is he oftenly behave well ...Identify the US, CS, UR, and CR. Pamela is walking her child at the mall and a lady walks by and stops to see the baby. The lady has a shiny, noisy bangle of bracelets that are the same as the ones Pamela wears. When the lady reaches down to pat the baby on the head, the bangles make noise and the baby starts making suckling noises.• An involuntary response (UCR) is preceded by a stimuli (UCS), or • A stimulus (UCS) automatically triggers an involuntary response (UCR) • A neutral stimulus (NS) associated with UCS automatically triggers a conditioned response. • The NS becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS).Identify the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR in the Little Albert experiment. A UCS: loud noise; UCR: fear; CS: white rat; CR: fear; 22 Q ... In other words, once CS and UCS are paired, a second CS will not result in the same CR that the UCS received. The second CS is blocked because an association already exists between the first CS and the UCS. 63 Q

Identify the NS, UCS, UCR, CS, and CR in classical conditioning situations; Describe the processes of acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discriminationOnce the neutral stimulus has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus, it becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS). The conditioned response (CR) is the response to the conditioned stimulus. What is Pavlov's classical conditioning theory? Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) is learning through association and was discovered by Pavlov, a Russian ...Every test will be on a Thursday and if the class average on the test is high enough, Friday will be a chill day and a time to review the questions from the test. (positive). The student will show negative reinforcement because they will know that if they do poorly on the test that there will be a punishment and a failing grade in the book.What are the UCS, CS, UCR, and CR here? So far, all of the examples have involved food, but classical conditioning extends beyond the basic need to be fed. Consider our earlier example of a dog whose owners install an invisible electric dog fence. A small electrical shock (unconditioned stimulus) elicits discomfort (unconditioned response).UCS. (passionate. Kiss). UCR. (sexual. arousal). Classical Conditioning. Extinction. diminishing of a CR; in classical conditioning, when a UCS does not follow ...Unconditioned response (UCR): automatic response to a ucs. Neutral stimulus (NS): agent that initially has no effect. Conditioned stimulus (CS): a former ns that comes to elicit a given response after pairing with a ucs. Conditioned response (CR): a learned response to a cs.

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describe Pavlov's classical conditioning studies in terms of the UCS, UCR, CS, CR and his results, briefly discuss two example of classical conditioning in your own life, naming the UCS, UCR, CS, and, CR. Click the card to flip 👆conditioning scenarios answers. Name: Date: Period: DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN CLASSICAL AND OPERANT CONDITIONING Directions: Read the following scenarios carefully. Determine if it is an example of operant or classical conditioning. Then, if it is classical conditioning, identify the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR. If it is operant conditioning, identify if ...For this discussion, answer each of the following questions (please number them in your post): STEP 1: 1) Define classical conditioning. Give an example of something you have learned through classical conditioning. You must include a definition of the UCS UCR. CS, and CR and identify each of these in your example. 2) Define operant conditioning.13 questions. A group of ranchers attempts to discourage coyotes from attacking their sheep by placing a substance on the wool of the sheep that makes coyotes violently ill if they eat it. Very quickly, the coyotes avoid the sheep entirely. In this scenario, what are the UCS, CS, and CR, respectively? Identify the UCS, UCR, CS and CR in each of the following examples. Notice how many every day situations are commonly associated with classical conditioning. While you were taking your first shower in the dorms, someone flushed a nearby toilet. Your comfy shower turned so scalding hot that you had to jump out of the stream of water.

Unconditioned Response (UCR): The UCR was the innate, reflexive reaction to the UCS. For the dogs, this was the salivation response that naturally occurred when they saw and smelled the food. Conditioned Stimulus (CS): The CS was a neutral stimulus that, through repeated association with the UCS, came to trigger a learned response.UCS? . UCR? c. CS? d. CR? (Hint: replace the word “conditioned” with “learned” and it ...Dec 12, 2020 · What is the UCS UCR CS and CR in classical conditioning? The Classical Conditioning Model When the conditioned stimulus (CS) is paired over and over again with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), it eventually elicits a response, equivalent to an unconditioned response (UCR), that is now a conditioned response (CR). CR: After a sufficient number of presentations of the CS followed by the UCS, the experimenter presents the CS without the UCS. If a response, an eye blink, occurs, the UCR is now called a conditioned response (CR). The eye blink response to the buzzer has been conditioned (learned). Shown graphically, the sequence is (UCS, UCR, CS, and CR for classical conditioning and operant response, reinforcement (negative or positive) or punishment (negative or positive) for operant conditioning) 1) Every time someone flushes a toilet in your dorm, the shower becomes very cold and causes you to jump away from the water. After some time, you begin to jump backWhy would Classical conditioning help someone in their daily life functioning? Which form of conditioning would you most likely see in a classroom setting? Create your own examples of each form of conditioning. Be sure to include the following information in your answer. In addressing classical conditioning: Identify UCS, UCR, NS, CS, and CR.In addressing classical conditioning: Identify UCS, UCR, NS, CS, and CR. Discuss any stimulus generalization that you observed. Discuss any extinction and spontaneous that occurred.UCS. (passionate. Kiss). UCR. (sexual. arousal). Classical Conditioning. Extinction. diminishing of a CR; in classical conditioning, when a UCS does not follow ...

UCS? . UCR? c. CS? d. CR? (Hint: replace the word “conditioned” with “learned” and it ...

Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Æ Conditioned Response (CR) 9. A student survives a plane crash that occurred because of a thunderstorm. Now, whenever the student hears thunder, he gets anxious. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Æ Unconditioned Response (UCR) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Æ Conditioned Response (CR) 10.In this case, the chemotherapy drugs are the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), vomiting is the unconditioned response (UCR), the doctor’s office is the conditioned stimulus (CS) after being paired with the UCS, and …Explain what a UCS, UCR, CS and CR are. 3. Describe how the example of a visit to a dentist is an example of classical conditioning. Identify the UCS, UCR, CS and CR in this example. Live! Psych: Learning Ch. 7 Updated: 9/21/2009 Simulation: Operant Conditioning 1. ...Psychology questions and answers. Name: Classical Conditioning Examples (1 point each) For each example below, correctly label the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR 1. Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back. Over time, the person begins to jump back automatically after ... STEP 1: Think of different, specific, examples of things you have learned through the types of conditioning discussed in this module. Write a discussion post explaining the behaviors you learned, and identify the key “components” and vocabulary of the learning, such as the UCS, UCR, CS, CR, positive or negative reinforcement, shaping, etc.1. Describe Pavlov's Classical Conditioning experiments with dogs. Be sure to identify the UCS, UCR, NS, CS, and CR. Pavlov had a dog for the experiment. The UCS was a dog bone. The UCR was salivating. The NS was a bell. Pavlov rang the bell each time he gave the dog a bone. Eventually, The bell ringing became a CS, and Salivating at the sound ...NS = Neutral Stimulus UCS = Unconditioned Stimulus UCR = Unconditioned Response CS = Conditioned Stimulus CR = Conditioned Response. (NS) + (UCS) (UCR). (CS) ( ...In this case, the chemotherapy drugs are the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), vomiting is the unconditioned response (UCR), the doctor’s office is the conditioned stimulus (CS) after …What are the UCS, CS, UCR, and CR here? So far, all of the examples have involved food, but classical conditioning extends beyond the basic need to be fed. Consider our earlier example of a dog whose owners install an invisible electric dog fence.

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3. Unconditioned Response (UCR) = salivate. 4. Conditioned Stimulus (CS) = Bell. 5. Conditioned Response (CR) = salivate. Give example of classical conditioning, and identify, NS, UCS, UCR, CS, and CR. in that example. Samantha is watching a storm from her window. Lightning flashes followed by thunder.Pavlov conditioned his dogs to salivate at the sound of a bell UCS-food UCR-salivation CS-bell CR-salivation (make sure to create two additional examples, crossing bells/music, headaches/medication (ESSAY #2) Think about our prison systems. Many folks think the role of the prison system is to punish people who break the law, and that we should ...Identify the UCS (Unconditioned Stimulus), UCR (Unconditioned Response), CS (Conditioned. Stimulus), CR (Conditioned Response) for each of the following ...1. Pamela is walking her child at a mall and a lady walks by and stops to see the baby. The lady has a shiny, noisy bangle of bracelets that are the same as the ones Pamela wears. When the lady reaches down to pat the baby on the head, the bangles make a noise and the baby starts making suckling noises. UCS: Food (milk) UCR: Suckling noises from the …siren of the ambulance is the UCS. feeling of fear is the UCR. when the UCS and UCR is paired, a NS will be introduced, and the next time you heard a siren (CS), you will feel fearful(CR) right away. Stimulus generalization is the tendency for conditioned stimulus to make similar responses after a conditioned response.CR. UCS = loud noise. UCR = being startled. CS = white rat. CR = being startled from the sight of the white rat. You have a stomach bug that makes you feel nauseous. You enjoy a plate of spaghetti but end up getting sick after eating it. Now anytime you smell spaghetti you feel nauseous. Identify the... Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Æ Conditioned Response (CR) 9. A student survives a plane crash that occurred because of a thunderstorm. Now, whenever the student hears thunder, he gets anxious. Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) Æ Unconditioned Response (UCR) Conditioned Stimulus (CS) Æ Conditioned Response (CR) 10.Explain what a UCS, UCR, CS and CR are. 3. Describe how the example of a visit to a dentist is an example of classical conditioning. Identify the UCS, UCR, CS and CR in this example. Live! Psych: Learning Ch. 7 Updated: 9/21/2009 Simulation: Operant Conditioning 1. ...What are the UCS, CS, UCR, and CR here? So far, all of the examples have involved food, but classical conditioning extends beyond the basic need to be fed. Consider our earlier example of a dog whose owners install an invisible electric dog fence.As an adult she hates cooking, and feels anxious whenever shesees a cooking pan.NS =CS =UCS =UCR =CR =2. Your friend was driving down the road listening to a Taylor Swift song when he hit apatch of ice and lost control of his vehicle. The car spun out of control several times beforecoming to a stop. Your friend was terrified but not injured.UCS: the fried oyster UCR: sickness CS: the smell of frying food CR: nausea 3. UCS: the spaniel’s barking and lunging UCR: initial fright CS: the sight of the spaniel’s house CR: fear and trembling 4. UCS: the canned dog food UCR: salivation CS: the sound of the can opener CR: drooling 5. UCS: the bee sting UCR: pain and fear CS: the sound ... ….

(UCS, UCR, CS, and CR for classical conditioning and operant response, reinforcement (negative or positive) or punishment (negative or positive) for operant conditioning) 1) A mother takes her baby in to the pediatrician every couple of months to receive immunization shots. Pretty soon, the baby starts crying as soon as he enters the room,The chemotherapy medications are the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in this scenario, vomiting is the unconditioned response (UCR), the doctor's office is the conditioned stimulus (CS) after being matched with the UCS, and nausea is the conditioned response (CR). Nausea is the common symptom of both acute and chronic chemotherapy-induced nausea. JURNAL TEKNIK ITS Vol. 8, No. 2, (2019) ISSN: 2337-3539 (2301-9271 Print) D25 and footwear / sandals industries in Wadung Asri village, Berbek industrial area, …Identify the elements of classical conditioning (NS, UCS, UCR, CS, and CR) in how a cancer patient may develop anticipatory nausea with chemotherapy treatment. In addition, describe how systematic desensitization could be used to help a person with nausea; What is the unconditioned response and conditioned response?For this discussion, answer each of the following questions (please number them in your post): STEP 1: 1) Define classical conditioning. Give an example of something you have learned through classical conditioning. You must include a definition of the UCS UCR. CS, and CR and identify each of these in your example. 2) Define operant conditioning.Salivation to the light or bell is the conditioned response (CR) because the dog learns to associate that response with the conditioned stimulus. The Three Stages of Classical Conditioning The process of …describe Pavlov's classical conditioning studies in terms of the UCS, UCR, CS, CR and his results, briefly discuss two example of classical conditioning in your own life, naming the …The chemotherapy medications are the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in this scenario, vomiting is the unconditioned response (UCR), the doctor's office is the conditioned stimulus (CS) after being matched with the UCS, and nausea is the conditioned response (CR). Nausea is the common symptom of both acute and chronic chemotherapy-induced nausea. Ucs ucr cs and cr, Briefly discuss one detailed example of classical conditioning in your own life, naming the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR. PLEASE HELP ME, I WILL LIKE AND GIVE GOOD FEEDBACK! Describe Pavlov's classical conditioning studies in terms of the UCS, UCR, CS, CR, and his results. Briefly discuss one detailed example of classical conditioning in your own life ..., May 1, 2023 · In simple terms, classical conditioning involves placing a neutral stimulus before a naturally occurring reflex. One of the best-known examples of classical conditioning is Pavlov's classic experiments with dogs. In these experiments, the neutral signal was the sound of a tone and the naturally occurring reflex was salivating in response to ... , Learning Objectives. Explain how classical conditioning occurs; Identify the NS, UCS, UCR, CS, and CR in classical conditioning situations. Does the ..., Hence, the UR and CR being identical, or even close, is not always the case as Pavlov’s theory suggests. 4.3.2. Preparatory-Response Theory . It might be that the CR exists to prepare the organism for the presentation of the US such that a dog salivates (CR) when it hears the bell ring (CS) to prepare for the arrival of the food (US)., Identify the US, CS, UR, and CR. Pamela is walking her child at the mall and a lady walks by and stops to see the baby. The lady has a shiny, noisy bangle of bracelets that are the same as the ones Pamela wears. When the lady reaches down to pat the baby on the head, the bangles make noise and the baby starts making suckling noises. , CS,CR,UCS,UCR-Determinism 10 Terms. nyla_shepherd. AP Psychology Module 11 Exam Review 31 Terms. arieskew. OTHER SETS BY THIS CREATOR. IS Test 3 Vocabulary 49 Terms. sr10228. IS Test 1 2 Terms. sr10228. Last German Quiz 155 Terms. sr10228. German Test 3 120 Terms. sr10228., Practice identifying the NS, UCS, UCR and CS and CR. This is a typical exam question that you will be asked, and it is essential that you use behaviourist ..., What I Learned. STEP 1: Think of different, specific, examples of things you have learned through the types of conditioning discussed in this module.Write a discussion post explaining the behaviors you learned, and identify the key “components” and vocabulary of the learning, such as the UCS, UCR, CS, CR, positive or negative reinforcement, shaping, etc., Part 2: Instructions: For each of the scenarios below, identify the UCS, UCR, CS and CR. (8. marks). 1.While taking your first shower in the dorms, someone flushed a nearby toilet. Your comfy shower. now turns so scalding hot that you had to jump out of the stream of water. Now, whenever you hear a. flush while showering, you jump out of the way., CR. Long after being bitten by a stray dog, Alonzo found that his fear of dogs seemed to have disappeared. To his surprise, however, when he was recently confronted by a stray dog, he experienced a sudden twinge of anxiety. This sudden anxiety best illustrates. spontaneous recovery., Question: Provide an example of a situation not mentioned in the textbook or lecture that you think could be analyzed as an example of classical conditioning. As a reminder, only reflexes are considered classical conditioning like salivation in Pavlov’s dogs. Explain what aspects of the situation constitute the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR., Identify each part of classical conditioning for the example below (NS, UCS, UCR, CS, and CR): Rita was in a car accident on the interstate. She did not get seriously injured but the accident terrified her. Now she avoids the interstate, because driving on it makes her too tense and nervous. My cat Clio loves to eat., Disclaimervideo is for educational purpose only. Copyright Disclaimer Under Section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976, allowance is made for" fair use" for purpo..., Psychology questions and answers. For each of the following, identify the NS, UCS, UCR, CS, and CR. 1. When Ann was a college freshman, she was assigned to live in a very old dormitory. The old plumbing system produced a problem when one person was taking a shower and one person need to flush the toilet-shortly after a person flushed the toilet ..., UCS =, UCR =, CS =, CR = One of the questions has two conditioned stimuli. The UCR and the CR are almost always the same. 1. Every time someone flushes a toilet in your house, the shower becomes very hot/cold and causes you to jump back. Over time, you jump back after hearing the flush, even before the water temperature changes., What are the UCS, CS, UCR, and CR here? So far, all of the examples have involved food, but classical conditioning extends beyond the basic need to be fed. Consider our earlier example of a dog whose owners install an invisible electric dog fence. A small electrical shock (unconditioned stimulus) elicits discomfort (unconditioned response)., Identify the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR US the nasty burn UR crying CS the fire in the fireplace CR crying Click the card to flip 👆 Alexander is four years old. One night his parents decided to light a fire in the family room fireplace. A burning ember jumped out of the fireplace and landed on Alexander's leg, creating a nasty burn., What do all these abbreviations mean? UCS=US=unconditioned stimulus. UCR=UR=unconditioned response. CS=conditioned stimulus. CR=conditioned response. NS=neutral ..., Q: I need to find the ucs , ucr , ns , cs, cr. Susanna is afraid of snakes. Recently, when she went to put out the trash ca Recently, when she went to put out the trash ca Q: Create or find one example each of three different types of …, Explain what a UCS, UCR, CS and CR are. 3. Describe how the example of a visit to a dentist is an example of classical conditioning. Identify the UCS, UCR, CS and CR in this example. Live! Psych: Learning Ch. 7 Updated: 9/21/2009 Simulation: Operant Conditioning 1. ..., Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like 1.You have a friend who inhales noisily when standing next to you and then puffs air into your eye. You find that you now blink when you hear your friend inhale. Identify and describe the neutral stimulus, the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR., Provide examples of the following schedules: Fixed Ratio, Fixed Interval, …, emotions. Clearly identify the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR. Is the ad successful in your opinion? Please take a picture of the ad (if possible) and include it in your paper. Remember, this paper should be a formal essay with an opening paragraph and thesis statement, supporting evidence, and a conclusion., The chemotherapy medications are the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) in this scenario, vomiting is the unconditioned response (UCR), the doctor's office is the conditioned …, In this case, the chemotherapy drugs are the unconditioned stimulus (UCS), vomiting is the unconditioned response (UCR), the doctor's office is the conditioned ..., The image is a flowchart reflecting Classical Conditioning. NS(bell) and UCS(food) have arrows pointing to UCR(salivating). NS becomes CS. CS(bell) has an arrow pointing to CR(salivating). Remember: Unconditioned means happens naturally. Conditioned means learned., UCS: the fried oyster UCR: sickness CS: the smell of frying food CR: nausea 3. UCS: the spaniel’s barking and lunging UCR: initial fright CS: the sight of the spaniel’s house CR: fear and trembling 4. UCS: the canned dog food UCR: salivation CS: the sound of the can opener CR: drooling 5. UCS: the bee sting UCR: pain and fear CS: the sound ..., Find the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR in the following example. Crohn’s Disease made me deathly ill, so I went to the hospital. There, I had emergency surgery and nearly died. Now, the thought of major illness/ hospitalization causes me to have panic attacks., ‐ UCS – ‐ UCR – ‐ CS – ‐ CR – ianca’s mom followed the same routine before serving dinner – she would put ice in the glasses and then call “come and get it, dinner’s ready.” mmediately upon hearing those words, Bianca would quickly run down the stairs. After a while, , be your UCS- it causes the unlearned response (UCR). •Then, find the 2nd thing that caused that response. This will be your CS. This causes a learned response (CR) because of the connection between the UCS and CS. •The UCS and UCR usually appear in the beginning of the example and the CS and CR are towards the end of the example., Identify the US, CS, UR, and CR. Pamela is walking her child at the mall and a lady walks by and stops to see the baby. The lady has a shiny, noisy bangle of bracelets that are the same as the ones Pamela wears. When the lady reaches down to pat the baby on the head, the bangles make noise and the baby starts making suckling noises. , What is the UCS, UCR, CS, and CR? UCS=injections of drugs UCR=increased heart rate CS=small room CR=increased heart rate due to the small room Every time someone flushes a toilet in the apartment building, the shower becomes very hot and causes the person to jump back., Once the neutral stimulus has become associated with the unconditioned stimulus, it becomes a conditioned stimulus (CS). The conditioned response (CR) is the response to the conditioned stimulus. What is Pavlov's classical conditioning theory? Classical conditioning (also known as Pavlovian or respondent conditioning) is learning through association and was discovered by Pavlov, a Russian ..., unconditioned stimulus (UCS) A stimulus that evokes an unconditioned response without previous conditioning. unconditioned response (UCR) a reflexive reaction that is reliably produced by an unconditioned stimulus. conditioned stimulus (CS) a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place. conditioned response (CR)